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PUBLISHED RESEARCH · BIOMEDICAL ELECTROMAGNETICS · DMIP 2025
ELECTROMAGNETIC
ELECTROMAGNETIC
DIAGNOSIS OF
FIRST STAGE
BREAST CANCER
A compact rectangular spiral antenna was designed, fabricated and investigated as an electromagnetic sensor for early-stage breast-cancer diagnosis. The study tracks how malignant tissue changes the antenna's resonant response when the sensor is placed directly on a multilayer breast phantom.
ISM 2.4–2.5 GHzCST MICROWAVE STUDIOMATLAB ANALYSISVNA VALIDATIONS11 / RESONANCE SHIFT
REAL RESEARCH MODELHemisphere radius 75 mm · antenna mounted in direct contact
2.45GHz HEALTHY RESONANCE
3MHz STAGE IA SHIFT
0.585W/kg MAX 10g SAR
6TISSUE / TARGET MATERIALS
01
THE RESEARCH QUESTIONSENSORPrinted rectangular spiral antenna DIAGNOSTIC FEATUREResonance-frequency shift REFERENCEHealthy breast response
Can an antenna feel the difference?
Healthy and malignant breast tissues do not interact with electromagnetic fields in the same way. Their different dielectric properties alter the electromagnetic loading seen by an antenna placed on the breast. This work uses that change as the sensing mechanism: keep the antenna and phantom configuration controlled, introduce early-stage tumor scenarios, and observe the shift in resonance and impedance matching.
The goal is not to create an anatomical image from MRI data. There is no BrainWeb, 3D Slicer or MeshLab workflow here. The breast phantom is a purpose-built electromagnetic model, simulated in CST; MATLAB is used in the analysis workflow, and the fabricated antenna is validated experimentally with a Rohde & Schwarz ZVB20 Vector Network Analyzer.
02
BREAST PHANTOM
A model built for electromagnetic contrast.
The phantom is a simplified hemispherical breast with a 75 mm radius. It includes skin, fat and muscle as the principal layers, while fibro-glandular tissue and lymph nodes are embedded inside the fat region. Three lymph nodes are modeled on each side of the fibro-glandular region, with ducts also represented. A flattened area at the nipple provides a repeatable mounting surface for the antenna.
This geometry allows the same sensor position to be maintained while tumor size and location are varied—so the resulting S11 changes can be compared against a healthy baseline.
LIVE MODEL VIEWElectromagnetic sensing concept
ALL TISSUESSelect a tissue above or click it directly on the model.
Fibro-glandularLymph nodesTumorSpiral sensor
03
MATERIAL MODEL
Six electromagnetic material definitions.
The model explicitly separates tissue types by relative permittivity, conductivity and density. That contrast is fundamental to the sensing principle.
| Tissue | εr | σ (S/m) | ρ (kg/m³) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skin | 37.9735 | 1.478 | 1100 |
| Fat | 5.14085 | 0.139 | 920 |
| Fibro-glandular | 57.2 | 1.99 | 1050 |
| Muscle | 52.668 | 1.773 | 1060 |
| Lymph node | 78 | 0.965 | 1050 |
| Tumor | 46.1 | 0.68 | 1050 |
04
FIRST-STAGE SCENARIOS
Stage IA to Stage IB: location matters.
Stage IA is represented by a single tumor in the fibro-glandular region. Stage IB extends the investigation to lymph-node involvement: 2, 4 and 6 lymph-node groups are tested, both with and without an additional fibro-glandular tumor. Each scenario is compared to the same healthy breast response.
05
FROM SIMULATION TO HARDWARE
Designed. Fabricated. Measured.
The sensor is not only a simulation. The rectangular spiral antenna was physically fabricated and characterized using a Rohde & Schwarz ZVB20 Vector Network Analyzer. The antenna uses annealed copper on Rogers 4350B, with a matching superstrate for protection and stability, and a 50 Ω coaxial feed.
The design targets the 2.4–2.5 GHz ISM band. Measurement provides a reality check against the simulated antenna response before the sensor is used as the diagnostic element in the breast-phantom study.
06
ANTENNA ENGINEERING
Compact geometry for biomedical sensing.
The planar spiral was selected for compact size and straightforward fabrication. In air, the design is optimized for good impedance matching in the ISM band. When mounted on the breast, the arm length and feed/shorting positions are retuned to compensate for the strong dielectric loading of tissue.
07
MEASURED & SIMULATED RESPONSE
The diagnosis lives in the frequency shift.
The fabricated antenna confirms a clear resonance in measurement. In the breast model, the healthy case resonates at 2.4500 GHz. Introducing the Stage IA tumor moves the resonance to 2.4470 GHz—a 3 MHz downward shift. Stage IB scenarios also remain below the healthy resonance, with shifts that depend on the number and location of tumors.
08
SAFETY / SAR
Field absorption was quantified.
With the antenna implanted on the breast model, SAR was evaluated at 2.45 GHz and averaged over 10 g of tissue. The reported absolute maximum is 0.585 W/kg, concentrated near the antenna placement.
0.585W/kg
MAX 10g SAR @ 2.45 GHz
MAX 10g SAR @ 2.45 GHz
09
ACTUAL PROJECT WORKFLOW
No mesh pipeline. This is the real workflow.
Electromagnetic Design
Design the rectangular spiral sensor and tune it for the 2.4–2.5 GHz ISM band.
CST Breast Phantom
Build the hemispherical tissue model, assign dielectric properties, lymph nodes, ducts and tumor scenarios.
MATLAB Analysis
Process and compare response data, inspect resonance movement, and prepare quantitative result visualizations.
Fabrication + VNA
Fabricate the sensor and measure S11 experimentally to validate the physical antenna response.
10
DMIP 2025 · TOKYO, JAPAN
From the lab to the conference room.
The work was presented at the 2025 8th International Conference on Digital Medicine and Image Processing (DMIP '25) in Tokyo. The presentation brought the antenna design, phantom methodology, tumor scenarios and measured/simulated electromagnetic response into a single research story.
Read the full work.
The complete research paper and its GUC undergraduate-research cover page are available directly from this portfolio.
FROM A RESONANCE SHIFT
TO A DIAGNOSTIC SIGNAL.
A research journey spanning electromagnetic modeling, antenna engineering, physical fabrication, VNA measurement, MATLAB analysis and international presentation.
